![]() The first TEVG developed was reported by Weinberg and Bell in 1986. In fact, surgical robotic technology has emerged to perform remote operations in limited spaces and activities and is considered as the surgically invasive version of coronary bypass, avoiding a complete thoracotomy or sternotomy, thus preserving the thoracic integrity and suffering of the patient, and significantly reducing hospitalization period and costs. Furthermore, an “off-the-shelf” TEVG will be perfectly adapted for mini-invasive surgeries performed by robots. Such a TEVG may represent a major advance in the field of cardiovascular surgery by providing an allogeneic “off-the-self” solution for clinical use allowing a new therapeutic option in various pathological states such as myocardial and lower limbs revascularization, pediatric vascular disease, useful also as arteriovenous bridges for hemodialysis. A TEVG with long-term patency, capable of being remodeled by the host organism, and showing self-repair capacities in vivo would be of great benefit 11. ![]() The production of a tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) for the replacement of small-diameter vessels has become the most heavily investigated and challenging areas of vascular tissue engineering (VTE). The limitations of small-diameter vascular grafts are a real obstacle to the vascular bypass substitutes, making this a real public health issue 4, 10. Indeed, one of their major limitations is the absence of their luminal cellularization, leading to thrombosis via the adherence of blood proteins and the activation of clotting mechanisms 8, 9. Globally, small vascular graft failures are commonly due to intimal hyperplasia, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, or even through infections. However, they present poor patency rates when used for bypassing small-diameter arteries (<6 mm) 4. As an alternative to autografts, synthetic vascular grafts can be used as they have shown a long-term efficacy in the replacement of large-(>8 mm) and medium-(6–8 mm) diameter arteries. It is worth mentioning that vascular conduits are also required to create arterial–venous fistulas for frequent hemodialysis access.Īlthough autologous arteries and veins are the preferable conduits for vascular grafting, their use may be impossible due to their limited availability, their variable quality (e.g., varicose veins), and the complications associated with their removal (i.e., infections, tissue damage, time consuming procedures, and long-term recovery). For the case of myocardial revascularization, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the most common cardiac surgery procedure in the world, with about 200,000 CABGs performed annually in the US, while in Western European countries an average incidence of 62 per 100,000 people is reported 7. Vascular bypass grafting remains one of the most effective treatment approaches for patients who need long-term revascularization 5, 6. ![]() Common presentations of CVD are coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, deep vein thrombosis, and cerebrovascular disease 4.Ĭonsequently, CVD have resulted in an increasing need for vascular grafts in order to reconstruct or bypass vascular stenosis. Thus, tissue damage is induced by diseased blood vessels that are unable to convey oxygen and essential nutrients to cells. These diseases are often associated with a dysfunctional vasculature caused by inflammatory, metabolic and proliferative alterations leading to the narrowing or complete obstruction of blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of death worldwide 1, 2, representing 32% of all global deaths 3. ![]()
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